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On completion of this training sequence,

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you will be able to discipline yourself
to practice and improve skills,

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like editing while subtitling an event

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before and after subtitles appear on screen.

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In particular, you are going to learn about
how professionals do it in different settings,

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like a congress,

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the workplace or an educational setting,

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television and the parliament.

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Then, we will see what happens
in case of self correction,

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and how to work with a live editor.

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Finally, I will also provide you
with some tips and tricks.

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This is the agenda.

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We will first look at editing
before the subtitles are on air

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in different settings.

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Then we will see what to do
to correct subtitles once they are on air.

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Finally, I will provide you
with some tips and tricks.

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Depending on the situation or setting
of where you provide the real time subtitling,1 37 07

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the way you edit a text
you are respeaking may vary a lot.

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When you are subtitling a conference speech,
you usually have one speaker in the front,

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and a Powerpoint showing on a big screen.

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The text of your subtitles
appear either on a second screen,

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or as two liners
on the same screen as a presentation,

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if you use software programs like Text on Top.

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Alternatively, users can have the subtitles
directly on their tablets or mobiles.

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As a subtitler, I always prefer to sit
as closely as possible to the speakers.

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So, in the front of the room.

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That way I can see
most of the speakers speak,

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see the Powerpoint,

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and have close contact
with what's going on during the meeting.

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And, if needed, interact.

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Even though Powerpoints
can be sent beforehand,

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you usually don’t have the opportunity
to go through a printed version of it,

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or show it on a second laptop.

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Therefore, it is easier to watch it

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as it is being shown by the presenter.

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And then you can often also see
the correct spelling of the words.

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When subtitling for a bigger audience,

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it is more important that words
and names are spelled correctly,

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and that sentences are complete.

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Especially when using
the Google Translate option of Text on Top,

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which is also something
that you are going to deal with,

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in a separate video lecture.

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Because if incomplete sentences
are being translated automatically,

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then the mistakes will be even bigger.

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When working in the workplace
or in an educational setting,

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the support of communication
is most important.

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Most of the time the service is being provided
for one hearing impaired person.

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And very often that person
already knows a lot of the subject.

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More than you, probably.

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Be it in the workplace
or in educational setting.

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Therefore, the exact correct spelling
is not always so important.

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For example, a term that is spelled incorrectly
is not a big mistake,

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as long as the reader knows what it means.

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Same is for the names.

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Because he or she usually knows who is meant,

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or it can be looked up later in the materials.

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In contrast to a congress
or subtitling for the television,

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in these more informal settings,

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it is usually possible to ask the speaker
to repeat something that was said.

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For example,
if it was not understood by the subtitler,

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and he or she thinks
it is relevant in the communication.

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Because of the social aspect
of participating for all people,

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in these cases, it is also very relevant
to try to produce text

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when jokes or casual comments are made.

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Things that you normally would omit.

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People feel left out
if everyone is laughing because of a joke

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and they were not able to hear or follow it.

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The difficult in television subtitling

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is that the text is related
to what is shown on television.

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By definition the live subtitles
are always lagging behind.

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But the aim is to keep this lag
as short as possible.

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Especially when speakers are quick
and the subjects are changing quickly,

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it is a challenge
to try to catch the core of the message.

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In those cases,
you should comprehend the text,

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and write the subtitle as compact as possible,

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but still getting the meaning across.

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It is also important that subtitles
don’t cover visual information on the screen.

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So, for example,
when the name of a speaker appears,

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or when there is translated subtitling.

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Usually, in those cases,

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the software enables you
to move the subtitle upwards,

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or quickly delete it from the screen.

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When subtitling for the parliament,

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you may face the same challenges
colleagues in other contexts face.

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This is the case for specific words
that you don’t understand,

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or sentences that are too quick
to fully report.

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However, because MPs are always in a hurry,

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and the form of the language
plays a very important role,

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subtitles are required
to be as verbatim as possible.

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This means you cannot adopt all the solutions
that have been just mentioned.

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For example,
you are allowed to omit some words

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to reduce your workload
or the subtitles delay.

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But you are generally not allowed
to reformulate what an MP says,

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and, of course,
you cannot correct their bad grammar,

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or complete their sentences.

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Another thing that would not be understood

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is to use captions
to say that something was inaudible.

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Because you are normally part of a team,

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and that the quality
of the input is always very good,

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that would be difficult to explain.

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Furthermore, in many cases
you may have a live editor,

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somebody that corrects your input,
before airing it.

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In this case you can rely on his or her help,

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and can avoid
adding further stress to your job.

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As monitoring the text while respeaking
is always a huge challenge,

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and this is all the more true in parliament.

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However, don’t relax too much.

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The live editor may need your help
when it comes to some specific words

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that you are likely
to be more acquainted with.

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In this case you can either hope
the software understands that word,

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or you can type it down
on a specific part of the software,

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so that the live editor
can spot it and use it.

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Finally, because the subtitles
can lag behind a lot depending on the speaker,

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one solution is to always insert
the name of the speaker,

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or his or her initials,

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before writing down what they say.

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So that you are sure
the audience understands who is speaking.

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This will avoid that subtitles appear
under the picture of the wrong politician.

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So far we have seen how to avoid
that mistake appears on screen.

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We are now going to see
what to do if we spot a mistake

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in the subtitles we have produced.

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Even the most talented
and experienced professional makes mistakes.

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Before telling you how to correct mistakes
that have already appeared on screen,

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let me say
that there are basically two situations.

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One where the respeaker
himself or herself does the correction.

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The other one
where a live editor does the job.

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The first one
is also the most common situation,

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especially in the case of subtitling
a conference, a meeting, or a class.

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In these cases, the respeaker
has to constantly monitor his or her output,

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and check he or she is providing
good quality subtitles.

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When a mistake appears on screen,

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he or she has to decide
whether to correct it or not.

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If it is a minor mistake,

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and you, the respeaker, think the audience
can easily understand what it stands for,

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then it can be left there,

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as the action of correcting
takes a lot of energy.

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In case it is important for comprehension,
then you have to correct it.

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One way of doing this is the standard one,

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that is you stop dictating,
select the mistake,

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and replace it with the correct one
by dictating the correct word or by typing it.

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I usually go for the latter,

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to avoid to correct it
a second time or a third time.

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This is an option when the mistake
is close to the end of the sentence.

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If it is far from the end of the sentence,

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it may be more useful to opt
for signalling the presence of a mistake,

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and provide the correct sentence.

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A common way of doing this
is to interrupt the sentence

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by means of two dashes.

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If the mistake and the context allow for it,

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you can always think
of an alternative solution.

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This is an option in the case of mistakes
that do not provide false information

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or the opposite meaning.

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For example, if the speaker says
that today is a good day,

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and you write that today is Wednesday,
or that today is a bad day,

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you can only correct the mistake.

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But if you say that today is a sunny day,

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you can always add
"metaphorically speaking" into brackets,

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or "because it is a good day".​

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If you work with a live editor,

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then you can either ignore
what is going on on screen,

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or you can collaborate
and monitor your output.

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If you realise you are making many mistakes,

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maybe you need
to better enunciate your output,

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so as to facilitate your colleague's job.

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Also, you can help the live editor,

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suggesting what the correct word should be,

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out of the mike.

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Or you can even do it yourself,

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if you think the correct word
is more your cup of tea,

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than that of the editor.​

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Typing names correctly
will always remain a challenge.

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If possible, try to get the names
before the meeting,

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and write them on paper,

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or include them
in your shortformlist or dictionary.

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If you didn’t get them beforehand,

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see if you can find them
in the texts or on the Powerpoint.

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If you didn’t catch the name the first time
you can rephrase the text,

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in such a way
that you might hear it well the next time,

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and write it correctly then.

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But this could be tricky
if the name is not mentioned again,

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and still is relevant in the text.

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In the end, you can also just indicate
you didn’t hear it.

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For example, you can write: INAUDIBLE.

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Alternatively, you can try
to write the name only,

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or try to also write the surname.

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However, this depends on the setting,

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as on TV and in parliaments

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this can have consequences
that you don’t want to know.

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Depending on the work situation,

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the speed of the speaker
and the difficulty of the topic,

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you will need to rephrase sentences.

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At that moment,

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don’t concentrate as much
on the exact words and order of words,

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but much more on the meaning
and content of what was said.

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It could even be smart
to wait just a bit longer,

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until a complete sentence is pronounced,

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before starting to produce the subtitle.

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Try to focus on the names,
the numbers or dates,

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and main nouns and verbs of a sentence.

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When difficult
or complex words are being used,

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try to look for simpler synonyms
or describe the words.

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Especially if you are not sure
about the spelling

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and don’t want to make a mistake.

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When you don’t understand a word,
name or part of a sentence,

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you can try to work around it.

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You can wait a bit longer
until something is repeated again,

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and then write it correctly.

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Or you can write down
what you have understood,

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the general meaning of the sentence.

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In some settings,
you are able to ask the speaker to repeat it,

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such as in workplace or education.

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When you don't understand something
and still think it is relevant in the message,

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you should indicate it,
or describe why it is not understandable.

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For example, write:
INAUDIBLE or TOO MUCH NOISE.

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On TV or in parliaments
you cannot talk to speakers,

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and you cannot use similar captions.

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Finally, if you omit a sentence
or some words in a sentence

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always make sure
that the result is coherent and cohesive.

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For example,
you can cut some elements of a list,

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or an adjective, or an adverb,

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or a complement in a sentence,
or even an incidental clause.

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In this case,
you normally don't have much to worry about.

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But if you omit a whole sentence,

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then you have to make sure

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that the following sentence
is related to the previous one.

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In this videolecture we have seen
how to peri edit while subtitling,

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either before the subtitles appear on screen,

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or after that.

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In particular we have first seen
what happens in each working context

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to avoid that a mistake
appears in the subtitles.

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And then, we have seen
how to correct mistakes that appear on screen

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and you manage to spot them
before they disappear from screen.

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We have seen what to do
when you have to do this alone,

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and what you have to do
if you have a live editor assisting you.

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Finally, we have provided
some tips and tricks in specific cases.​